Descartes vs Locke Essay Example for Free

Descartes versus Locke Essay Socrates once stated, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing. † Several savants repudiated Socrates’ standpoint and accepted that genuine information was in reality feasible. This epistemological view anyway had a few positions to it, as scholars held various convictions concerning the deduction of genuine information. Pragmatists accepted that the brain was the wellspring of genuine information, while in Empiricism, genuine information got from the faculties. Rene Descartes, a realist, and John Locke, an empiricist, were prime instances of epistemologists who apparently differentiated significantly inside every one of their methods of reasoning. In any case, in spite of the fact that Descartes and Locke’s thoughts contrasted in that sense, the two of them shared normal ideas that helped form the premise of their thoughts. Descartes and Locke both concurred that there were things in life that exist that we can be sure of. For Descartes, human encounters didn't give adequate confirmation of presence. He showed that through his Dream Conjecture and his Evil-Demon Theory (Paquette 205). Descartes expressed that we can't be sure if the truth is a fantasy or not, in this manner scrutinizing our reality (Paquette 205). In his Evil-Demon Theory, Descartes guaranteed that for all he knew, an abhorrent devil could be placing musings into his head, making him believe that the truth was genuine when it was in reality bogus (Paquette 205). At last, such a lot of speculation brought about Descartes reaching the resolution that the one thing we could make certain of existing is the brain (Newman 2010). This can be seen through his most adage, â€Å"I think subsequently I am (Kaplan 2008). † Descartes guaranteed that since he had the option to uncertainty and think utilizing his brain, his psyche must exist (Paquette 205). So also, Locke was likewise certain about presence. He accepted that each item was comprised of essential characteristics just as optional characteristics (Paquette 212). Optional characteristics depend on how an individual detects the item emotionally, and is experienced distinctively relying upon the individual (Paquette 212). Instances of optional characteristics incorporate shading, taste, and sound (Paquette 212). Essential characteristics, notwithstanding, are objective and incorporate viewpoints, for example, an object’s stature and weight (Paquette 212). Through this, Locke guaranteed that the presence of items can be made sure because of the essential characteristics it has (Paquette 212). Like Descartes, Locke trusted one might say of presence. Be that as it may, in his view, the realities from the essential characteristics demonstrated the article exists in light of the fact that the item exists inside itself (Paquette 212). Descartes and Locke additionally had faith in some feeling of the outer world. Descartes asserted that there is in certainty an outer world, anyway it doesn't exist outside people’s minds (Paquette 206). Since Descartes was a realist, he accepted that the main strategy to secure genuine information was exclusively through the psyche (Moore 2002). Through the way toward questioning presence, Descartes understood that the psyche exists (Paquette 205). He went further into thought and presumed that since he, a blemished individual, knows about flawlessness, something immaculate needs to exist to have placed that information in his psyche. From that point he asserted the presence of God (Newman 2010). Descartes at that point expressed that an ideal god would not hoodwink his kin, demonstrating that the material world exists (Newman 2010). In this way through this reasoning procedure, Descartes reached the resolution that this present reality is of the brain, and the outside world is everything else that falls into the material world made by god (Newman 2010). Like Descartes, Locke additionally put stock in an outside world. As an empiricist, Locke depended vigorously on the faculties to give genuine information (Moore 2002). He shared Aristotle’s conviction that the psyche is a clear record, otherwise called clean slate, during childbirth (Paquette 211). Our sense encounters from that point give us information to fill in those records (Paquette 211). In Locke’s â€Å"Representative Theory of Perception,† otherwise called Epistemological Dualism, he expressed that material items exist and are independent substances from people (Paquette 227). In any case, he additionally accepted that items exist in the brain as mental elements (Paquette 227). Locke inferred that individuals can taste, smell, contact, and see the outer world which, thusly, becomes impressions in our brains (Paquette 227). Descartes and Locke are subsequently observed to be comparative as in the two of them put stock in an outer world. Descartes and Locke both had a procedure for understanding information also. As a pragmatist, Descartes had faith in inborn thoughts; that all people were brought into the world with some information (Paquette 206). This separates from the exact view that the psyche is a clear record during childbirth (Paquette 211). Descartes additionally utilized instinct and derivation to set up truth (Kaplan 2008). He accepted that instinct is immediate information which can be known while never detecting or encountering it (Paquette 206). Finding in any case, is the place you start with a reason, or an announcement you accept to be valid, and afterward decide more realities dependent on that birthplace (Paquette 206). As appeared, Descartes concentrated on the mastermind and the reasoning procedure when deciding genuine information (Paquette 206). Instead of a reasoning procedure, Locke accepted that understanding information originated from a procedure dependent on our faculties (Paquette 211). He accepted that when the outer world triggers any of our five detects, those encounters transform into sensations (Paquette 211). Those sensations at that point transform into impressions in our psyche, along these lines including information onto the record in our brain which was once clear (Paquette 211). He asserted that our brain considers the impressions we got from our sensations (Paquette 211). Locke at that point expressed that those reflections transform into a thought which can be either basic, or comprised of a heap of basic thoughts called complex thoughts (Paquette 211). Like Descartes, Locke apparently uses a procedure for discovering information too. There are numerous angles to Rene Descartes and John Locke’s methods of reasoning that are plainly particular from each other. In any case, it is basically inaccurate to guarantee that realist Descartes and empiricist Locke bear no similitudes. The two epistemologists are believed to share a comparable base inside every one of their philosophical thoughts. Through the numerous contrasts among Descartes and Locke, their fundamental ideas of presence, the outer world, and the procedure for getting information are very like one another. This association outlines that despite the fact that the belief systems individuals have on life shift, as it were, there can generally be some feeling of a shared conviction that unites every one of us. Works Cited Kaplan, R. Theory presently. BBC Homepage. BBC News. , 2008. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦http://www. bbc. co. uk/radio4/history/Moore, B. Reasoning | Glossary. Web based Learning Center. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2002. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. http://highered. mcgraw-†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦hill. com/destinations/076742011x/student_view0/chapter6/glossary. html. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Newman, L. Descartes epistemology.

Tesco Fresh and Easy Free Essays

I trust Tesco: â€Å"Fresh Easy† Supermarkets will be effective. The Fresh Easy name flags the two things it needs customers to consider it for: newness and comfort (Horovitz, 2007). Tesco continually re-upholds this message on the Fresh Easy Homepage; individuals need new and solid food decisions; they need things to be simple, Tesco furnished only that with its line of general stores. We will compose a custom exposition test on Tesco Fresh and Easy or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Tesco general stores found a specialty that United States retailers had not concentrated on, advantageous quick access to new, solid cost moderate characteristic nourishments. It is something numerous Americans have hung tight years for. Just as being promoted as a Fresh Easy general store, it is additionally advertised as a vitality proficient association which in this period of vitality and asset preservation adds to its intrigue. The grocery stores use effective gear in their stores and tasks (Recruiting, 2007). Stores are intended to utilize 30% less vitality than run of the mill markets its size, and reusing is a need. New Easy has been a friend in need inhabitant for some, engineers, eating up 14,000 square foot pieces of old space and dull medication stores (Retail, 2009). Its passage into the United States was the first run through Tesco entered a nation without a supercenter position. Tesco would not like to become like Wal-Mart. Tesco propelled its United States Operations with a little organization neighborhood supermarket under the Fresh Easy name to separate its image from its rivals. The general stores are moderately little, at around 10,000 square foot. New Easy stores target clients in low to center pay areas. Tesco is wagering that there is an interest for littler stores nearer to home with less items, making it simpler to discover things. The stores are put close to open transportation. A significant number of them are close or inside underground and railroad stations, making it simple for workers to fly into a store and snatch a supper on their way home. Their promoting effort incorporates references to ecologically inviting bundling and food liberated from fake hues, flavors, and trans fats. The chains purchase no TV or paper promotions. At the point when it enters a market, it sends $5 coupons to region occupants. The stores are loaded with huge names and in-house brands and offer more arranged courses and side dishes than normal markets (Semeuls, 2007). Their forte is in arranged however not solidified nourishments, everything looks new. Everything is pleasantly repackaged in amicable pastel hues, straightforward designs, and lowercase text styles. The stores are not over whelming. They look more present day and modern than most grocery stores. The isles are wide and signs are unmistakably composed. There is brilliant lighting and an uncluttered feel. Products of the soil are perfectly introduced. There is an out of the blue low cost on things. Concentrating essentially on California now, Fresh Easy is moving toward the market as a â€Å"critical mass† store procedure in California, Arizona and Nevada. This technique is to find a â€Å"critical mass† of stores in a given locale, like the Starbucks’ Walgreens’ procedure (Fresh, 2008). In doing this, customer mindfulness is expanded and promoting and publicizing costs utilized. From a situating point of view, it endeavors to turn into the intelligent or defacto neighborhood merchant in the locale, partially by goodness of having such a significant number of stores in the territory (Fresh, 2008). The progression of electronic data innovation has been a significant impetus for the ongoing expansion of circulation deals diverts in food retailing. Albeit various channels empower organizations to arrive at shoppers quicker and in various market portions, they present difficulties to incorporate channel struggle and valuing strategy for the various channels. This could profit shoppers by organizations diminishing costs to remain serious. American general stores have focused for the most part on attempting to make cost out of their gracefully chains. Merchandise are moved many miles to keep them modest. This has urged general stores to make two sorts of nourishments: dependable I. e. ried, canned, solidified, or in any case saved and that which is set up from crude fixings on location. English food retailers since stores can be little to the point that they need to change from offering sandwiches at noon to selling readymade dinners toward the evening represent considerable authority in standard regular conveyances to city stores. Their gracefully chains are increasingly modern. Tesco is a trailblazer with its flexibly chain. Tes co fabricated an appropriation community. Combined with accomplice Wild Rocket Foods, Tesco chose U. S. produce sellers as providers. Tesco uses trucks with crossover refrigeration vector units with inside segments for solidified, chilled and normal merchandise. All Fresh Easy trailers incorporate programmed refrigeration shut-off when ideal temperature is reached inside the cooling chamber just as a total motor shut-off once stopped at the stores. Electrical backup innovation limits the effect on nature by utilizing no fuel to run refrigeration units on the trailers while stopped at the conveyance place. Tesco could supplant three conveyances with one. This makes it conceivable to sell food supplies beneficially in little stores at market costs. Tesco makes new and simple accessible to the clients, however they likewise made the clients some portion of the answer for progress. The Tesco conspire sends rebate vouchers to clients urging them to return. It tracks each buy to construct one of the world’s biggest databases. This discovers connections between's buys permitting Tesco to finely tune the item run in each store. I would dare to state that Tesco is progressing nicely to progress with its wide blend of new food that is exceptionally client situated and truly open. With the stores in nearby neighborhoods and at very easy to use cost, these area focused on stores will succeed. . References Freshandeasy. com (2008). Freshandeasy. com. Seen at freshandeasy. com February 19, 2009. New Easy Buzz. (2008, March 8). Recovered February 19, 2009, from http://www. freashneasybuzz. blogspot. com. Horovitz, Bruce (2007 November 08). English staple chain hits America with new thoughts. Recovered February 19, 2009 from https://www. usatoday. com. Enrolling trail at Fresh Easy. 2007, July 22). Recovered February 19, 2009, from http://www. freshandeasy. com/blog/2007/07/enrolling trail-at-new simple. html Semuels, Alana. ( November 9, 2007). English food it’s not customers find new simple a mix of merchant joe’s and Ralphs. Recovered February 17, 2009 from http://articles. latimes. com/2007/nov/09/business/fi-tesco9 RetailChatr; Fresh Easy evolving methodology. (2009, February 04). Recovered February 17, 2009, from http://www. retailchatr. com/200 9/02/04/new simple changing-system Instructions to refer to Tesco Fresh and Easy, Papers

Management Fundamentals and Organization Structure - 825 Words

Management Fundamentals and Organization Structure (Coursework Sample) Content: Management Fundamentals and Organization StructureNameClassAffiliationInstructorDate Management Fundamentals are set of principles used to govern an organization. Project management is the act of planning and organizing a business enterprise so as to achieve a certain goal. It involves the use of structures, structures are designed to improve services and increase the level of output. While creating an organizational structure its important to consider time constrains, finances and quality delivery (Harrison Lock, 2004). A successful project should meet or exceed an institutions target. Projects are temporal and done within a specified constrain. Once a project meets the desired goal, they are restructured in line with the new demands.A project should also focus on the risks and the possible constrains. Large organizations require more elaborate structures. Institutions have different structures depending on the objectives. A functional structure integrates instituti ons with similar functions within an organization. (Dismore, 2005)A number of elements must be put into consideration while structuring an organization. One of the key elements of an organization is the Geographical area, its important to look at the distance between an organization and the departments. Managers need to report the activities of the organization to the executive; you should clearly define the mode of communication for the purposes of time and efficiency. Another element to consider is the number of employees; the structure should consider employees population and plan for future accommodations. Product control is also a key element, smaller organizations stand higher chances of control over the products compared to large-scale organizations that face more challenges. Having control over products improves the quality of the product. Marketplace is another element that used is to define the structure, one may decide to market through wholesalers, manufacturers or onlin e. Product evolution is also a factor, an organization starting with a small product should consider creating room for future expansions. The last element is the distribution authority, how products will reach out is key, one should decide whether it would be centralized or decentralized (Kerzner, 2003). Organization structures are made for different goals. The structure mainly focuses on Control as one of the main problems that need to be dealt with, a well-structured operation will allow for easy communication. It will also specify how the employees should report their views to different heads within the organization. It will specify the number of employees in a department and the number of managers in and the entire organization. A good structure should be acceptable to all members of the organization (Harrison Lock, 2004). Workers are graded in different job groups according to their positions in the institution and education qualification. A worker may also be grouped in terms of departments or the functions they hold. In a department workers are grouped according to the tasks allocated. The tasks may include accounting, human resource or marketing. Within a department employees will also be grouped basing on the products in that particular department. Functional organizational bring together people with common knowledge and skills. Structures can also be formal or informal. Formal structures give the top authority the powers to make decisions on behave of the organization. In an informal setting, information and decision-making is a responsibility of each member within the organization (Witzel, 2003). EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTAL HEAD MANAGERS DEPARTMENTAL HEAD  The figure above shows the chains of command in a simple formal organization structure. Each persons tasks are clearly defined. A hierarchy defines authority, duties and information flow. The executive is in charge of decision-making; the decisions are then passed to the managers wh o will take the responsibility of informing the various departmental heads. The departmental heads initiate the various work activities. A departmental head is in control of all the activities in that particular department. The employees in a particular department report their grievances to the departmental heads. Decision making in an organization can differ depending on the nature of the organization. In a decentralized organization, the departments make decisions on their own without necessarily involving the top authority. In this centralized organization, the executive is the high authority; it makes decision on behalf of the whole organization. This information is then disseminated through the structure to different departments in the organization. The executive is made of experts. They analyze the market trends and come up with strategies that will benefit the organization. They are also control financing and inflation. Managers are professional who are fully equipped with m anagerial skills. They are in charge of the entire organizations smooth operation; they coordinate various departments within the organization. Employees have little control over decision-making but their views are heard through different departmental heads (Kwak, 2005). With the new structure, operations are easier and quick to administer. Information from the executive directors can easily reach the employees through a hierarchy that is well defined. However, the biggest challenge is the lack of direct participation...

Japan s International Business Environment Essay

Introduction Japan is one of the most influential countries in South-East Asia and the world, despite being disconnected from the main land. Japan has a population of around 127 million people and has, as measured by Gross Domestic Product on a Purchasing Power Parity basis, the world’s fourth largest economic output. Moreover, Japan is a member of the United Nations, G7, G8 and G20 (CIA World Factbook, 2015). In this report the international business environment of Japan is analyzed from economical, political and legal, financial, and technological perspectives. In particular, the focus is on economic indicators, trade, Japan’s political system, the rule of law, the Japanese stock market, debt, the technological infrastructure and intellectual property. Subsequently, the analysis of the Japanese business environment is linked to international business. Here, implications of the business environment for doing business are discussed and risks and opportunities are assessed. At last, conclusions are drawn regarding Japan’s international business environment and its implications for doing business in Japan. Environment Scan Economic Environment Japan is the third wealthiest country in the world, as measured by nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP), only trailing the United States and China. In 2014, Japan’s nominal GDP totaled over 4.6 trillion US dollars (World Bank, 2015). Even though Japan has a high nominal GDP, the country’s GDP per capita as of 2014, adjusted forShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Globalisation on Japan1638 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalisation has had a profound impact on the Japanese economy influencing levels of international trade, business operations, financial flows, government policy, labour markets and even environment. 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As the world’s largest convenience store chain, 7-Eleven Inc., (SEI) 7-Eleven Japan (SEJ) and other regional 7-Elevens are owned by the massive conglomerate SEVEN i holding Co., Ltd. Our team will discuss a brief history of SEI and SEJ, analyze their respective mission statement, dissertate various veteran friendly initiatives, highlight top officers and their impact on the company and how the business addressed various esoteric cultural differences in global markets. We, as a group, willRead MoreConservation And Management Of Wildlife1519 Words   |  7 Pagestrade. Wildlife seems to be traded all around us. It is used not only as pets and trophies but also for food, leather, home decorations and medical purposes. Wildlife is an important part of ecological community as it plays an important role in the environment. 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Women and the Patriarchal Society in Michael Cunninghams...

Women Pressured by the Demands of a Patriarchal Society in Michael Cunninghams The Hours In Michael Cunninghams The Hours, Laura Brown, one of the novels protagonists, is trapped by the responsibility of being a housewife and mother. Cunninghams story uses one of Virginia Woolfs works, Mrs. Dalloway, as a template to weave the lives of three women together in a narrative delicately split into three branching tales that echo each other. One branch of the story leads to a fictional account of Virginia Woolf creating the first draft of her famous novel. A second narrative in Cunninghams tale is that of Clarissa Vaughn - a woman whose life mirrors that of Woolfs fictional character Mrs. Dalloway. The final woman in the trio of†¦show more content†¦. . for which she is not adequately rehearsed (43). Sullerot explains this with: The underlying reason being that the position of women has always or nearly always been defined in terms of their role. Women have always been given a specific role, mainly in the family, and their social role has evolved from it (Sullerot 13) . Laura is stifled in this traditional role; she seeks a sense of independence and privacy. Cunningham borrows these ideas of independence and privacy from another piece of Woolfs work, A Room of Ones Own. In Woolfs essay she stresses the need for a woman to have money and a room of her own. The money stands for the power to contemplate, and this power is the independence gained from the womans financial status (Woolf 110). Woolf also states, That a lock on the door means the power to think for oneself (Woolf 110). The room is a place of privacy that keeps out the world of man. While the context of Woolfs statements was meant to apply to women who wished to be writers, it also is applicable to the life of Laura Brown. Laura believes that she has a touch of brilliance that she carries around inside herself curled up like a tiny clenched fist (42). The protagonist finds herself wondering if she could ever create something great by unclenching the fist inside herself. Sullerot writes that women can be prompted by the tediousness

Contains Express Terms And Implied Terms †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contains Express Terms And Implied Terms? Answer: Introducation The present case is based on terms of the contract. Contracts an agreement that is enforced by law. Therefore, it can be said that every contract is agreement, but not every agreement is contract[1]. In every contractual agreement, there are certain terms that present to determine the rights and obligation of the parties. There are certain essentials stated under the contract law to determine the validity of contracts. The most important elements of the contract are offer and acceptance. Offer consists of promises to do something or refrains to do something and when someone agrees to do certain offer, it becomes acceptance. The rule had been followed in the case of Carlill v Carbolic smoke ball co. An agreement to contract can either be oral or written. It is a statutory provision of the contract law that every contractual agreement contains express terms and implied terms. Express terms are those that articulated prior to the contract and those that are not mentioned under the contr act agreement, called as implied terms. However, in the present case, the terms are not form contract. There is a provision under the law named puffery. It is used regarding the promotional statement. The present terms is used to promote the characteristics of the chair and therefore, it is not a contractual terms. In the second question, it has been observed that Peter who wanted to buy a chair for lowering his back pain went to a shop and Samantha told that she has a perfect chair for him. Therefore, it can be said that the subject matter of the case is a chair that can be perfect for Peter. Samantha had suggested for Office Pro 9X chair and believed on the fact Peter had bought the same. Thus, it can be stated that the statements of Samantha regarded as the collateral contract[2]. Collateral contracts are oral in nature and the statements are based on the promises. The principle of the same has been followed in the case of the Savage (JJ) Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435. Therefore, it can be stated that the statements made by Samantha for the sale of the chair is a part of the contract terms. In this present case, classes of terms are involved. There are three classes of terms that present under the each part of the contract. The terms are conditions, warranties and in nominate terms[3]. It is clear from the definition that when the seller gives an assurance to the buyer regarding the product and state that the product is genuine in nature and based on the fact when the buyer buy the product, it forms warranty. In the present case, Samantha told Peter that the chair Pro 9X will be sufficient for him and it will help to reduce the back pain. Therefore, the terms of the statement contained in the case are warranty in nature. Based on the statement of Samantha, Peter has bought the chair. It is not necessary that the terms should have to be mentioned expressly under the contractual agreement. It can be implied in nature. The subject matter of the case is based on the terms of exclusion clause. The term exclusion clause mean certain contractual terms that restrict the parties right regarding the contract[4]. In the common law, the base of the exclusion clause forms a part of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. It is a rule under the contract Act that if there is a statement mentioned under the contractual terms and both the parties have given their consent over the same, the terms of the contract becomes applicable on them[5]. However, under the exclusion clause it has been stated that if any of the party to a contract is unknown to the terms of the contract, that terms will not be apply on the party. The same principle has been followed in Parker v South Eastern Railway (1877) 2 CPD 416. In this present case, it can be observed that there is a clause (clause 10) has been mentioned in the document that excludes the company from any kind of breach regarding the warranty[6]. It should be stated here that as Peter did not know about the fact, therefore, the conditions of the terms will not applicable on him and he can sue the shop for the breach of contract. References Andrews, Neil.Contract law. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Asker, John, and Heski Bar-Isaac. "Raising retailers' profits: on vertical practices and the exclusion of rivals."The American Economic Review104.2 (2014): 672-686. Ayres, Ian, and Alan Schwartz. "The no-reading problem in consumer contract law."Stan. L. Rev.66 (2014): 545. Carter, John W., David J. Harland, and Kevin E. Lindgren.Contract law in Australia. MICHIE, 1996. Corones, Stephen G.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited, 2014. Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. Knapp, Charles L., Nathan M. Crystal, and Harry G. Prince.Problems in Contract Law: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2016. McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014 [1] Corones, Stephen G.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited, 2014. [2] Freedland, Mark, et al., eds.The contract of employment. Oxford University Press, 2016. [3] McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014. [4] Ayres, Ian, and Alan Schwartz. "The no-reading problem in consumer contract law."Stan. L. Rev.66 (2014): 545. [5] Asker, John, and Heski Bar-Isaac. "Raising retailers' profits: on vertical practices and the exclusion of rivals."The American Economic Review104.2 (2014): 672-686 [6] Knapp, Charles L., Nathan M. Crystal, and Harry G. Prince.Problems in Contract Law: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2016.

Marxist View on Crime and Deviance free essay sample

According to Wickham (1991), deviance is behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. Karl Marx says that deviance is due to unequal power relationships and is a function of class struggle. Crime, however, is an act of deviance prohibited by law. The conflict theory of crime states that those in the higher social classes will benefit more from the government, compared to those in the lower class. Thus, conflict will be present in society, and the resulting crime will benefit those in power. Marxists support this view, and focus on the conflict between different sets of groups values. Marxists believe that all classes in society are deviant and criminal. They disagree that deviance is a working class phenomenon, though they are thought of as the main offenders of crime and deviance. Laws are made by the state, which represent the interests of the ruling class. We will write a custom essay sample on Marxist View on Crime and Deviance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marxists tend to emphasise ‘white collar, corporate crime’ and pay less attention to ‘blue collar’ variants. They note that the crimes of the upper class exert a greater economic toll on society than the crimes of the ordinary people. Marxists believe that crime and deviance is a direct outcome of the exploitative nature of the capitalist society. According to him, the ruling class exploits the working class. There are those that â€Å"have†, and those that â€Å"have not†. They believe that the superstructure (the state, the police, the legal system, the family) maintain and reflect ruling class ideology. The working class is under a state of false class consciousness, and are therefore very vulnerable and easily taken advantage of. rime acts as a way to divert the working class’s attention away from their exploitation, and therefore contains their resistance. Until true class consciousness can be reached by this exploited working class, the ruling class would continue to use crime for their benefit. Thus, it is those in power who define crime. To reach success, functionalists believe that the correct thing to do is go through institutionalized means in order to access certain goals. However, what Marxists point out is that these institutions are all corrupt, and are just used to secure the superiority of the ruling class. Thus, those being exploited cannot use these institutions to reach higher up in society. This is why many turn to crime and deviance in order to get what they want. Working class crime is a result of labour exploitation and labour misery. Hence, theft is an expression of that exploitation and is a political act of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie. However, the ruling class will violate laws will impunity while the members of the working class will be punished. The current economic system is ensured to stay in favour of the ruling class due to existing laws. Obviously, crime and deviance will occur as these laws are designed to sustain the capitalist economic system. Hence, in a capitalist society, crime is inevitable, as it stems from social inequalities. The economic and social environment created is almost guaranteed to create crime and deviance. In all capitalist societies, the ruling class gains more in every aspect of social life. Since they are benefiting, they would not want to change the norms and values of society (the status quo), of the capitalist society. This is known as ideology, as is considered the ‘soft edge’ of social control. Karl Marx believes that revolutionary means is the best way to make a change and to resist the dominant ideology present, as he states that the presence of a capitalist society is what causes crime. Hence, he believes that a revolution will happen, rather than criminal activity, where the ruling class will be overthrown, resulting in the elimination of crime. Karl Marx has been both criticized and praised for his works. Firstly, his ideas are said to offer some kind of balance, as they do not focus on working-class deviance, and emphasize that deviance occurs at every level of society. However, they ignore the impact of other systems as they focus too much on the capitalist system. Jock Young states that Marx fails to acknowledge that the social controls provided by the state can protect working-class people from crime and deviance. Feminists say that Marxism places undue emphasis on class inequality, ignoring the role of patriarchy in shaping how the criminal justice system operates . Marxists overestimate the extent to which â€Å"capitalism causes crime†. Marxists assume that in a communist utopia, crime would be eradicated, but historically, this has not been the case. Marxists have an over simplistic view of crime. Although there are clearly some people with more power than others, this does not mean that they can pass any law that benefits them. â€Å"Left realists† claim Marxism places undue emphasis of corporate crime, arguing that robbery, burglary and other violent crimes cause more harm than Marxists recognise. Unlike the functionalist theories, the conflict theories focus on conflict between different sets of group values, rather than consensus in society. Marx believes that the government and those in the upper class are the culprits of causing crime, and that they create laws and rules to continue to exploit the exploited. Hence, they often use crime as a means of controlling the working class, and this oppression makes crime inevitable.

Civilization essays

Civilization essays Afghan history before the politically critical period that began in 1973 could be broken into five distinct time periods. Throughout this paper I will discuss the two earlier periods the area now referred to as Afghanistan had no name, the territory lied across the crossroads of many trading routes; silk and iron. Afghanistans earliest sign of human history are rich in art, architecture, and archeological remains. These two earlier periods are commonly referred to as Pre-Islamic and Islamic. It was during the Islamic period, 700-1709 that Afghanistan began to assume its temporary form. The country began to appear during the eighteenth century and emerged at the end of the century as a budding empire spreading west and southward. In Afghanistan around 3000BCE-2000BCE the first true urban centers were founded, Mundigak and Deh Morassi Ghun. Mundigak (modern day Kandahar) had an economic base of wheat, barley, sheep and goat. With this evidence the idea that the original inhibitors of Afghanistan were from the Indus River Civilization is found. Ancient Afghanistan is believed to have been in the crossroads of the Mesopotamia and other civilizations. Information gathered about this area of the Middle East is found through the written scribes of oral legends, epics, and myths, these of which cast considerable light upon the early culture, and the politics. In 2000-1500 BCE the Aryan tribes came into Afghanistan they were originally a tribe of herders who spoke one language. The city of Kabul was established during this time. Beginning in the seventh century, the spread of Islam eastward local rulers and swept northeast into Central Asia and south toward the Indus River valley. Over the span of three centuries, the following of Islamic rule diffused from ruling classes into the classes of peasants, by the time of The Ghaznavids in the tenth century most of the middle East had become Muslim. The only exceptions to this ma...

Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics - Research Paper Example Besides, such practice of discussing patient information in public places would result in the complete trust of the patient on the entire health care staff. Hence, I will advice the nurse of the nursing staff to be more responsible by maintaining confidentiality and comply with the hospital rules. It is also important for me to discuss the issue with the nursing instructor as they will determine the penalty for such issues. For the first time the penalty for the student would be to read the policy about confidentiality and signed the form. By signing the form the student comes in agreement to maintain confidentiality and if not followed serious action may be taken. The nursing instructor may also decide to take special counseling sessions with the individual student or a general class for all the student nurses and warn them of the eventualities if not followed. ANSWER: I spoke to one of my cousin and asked her if she had taken the support of a lie at any point of time. She shared about a vehicular accident that took place in her life. She had to hide this fact from her husband and said to her husband that she had sprained her leg while walking. She justified her telling lie because if she had mentioned the truth, her husband would have unnecessarily worried at all times when ever she took her vehicle out. Besides, she said that she loved her husband so much that she did not want to share her pain and put him in tension. She is doing it out of her love and sometime she is doing it to hide her pain. In my view, there is no exact absolute truth that may work in subjects like science and math, but this is not the case in human society where psychology, sociology and humanities are involved. There are so many dynamics situations that surround us that our views on certain aspect may differ from others and I feel that this makes each human unique in this world. Chapter 8 Discussion Question: Your patient has been diagnosed with a terminal illness. His family asks that he not be told his diagnosis, and the physician agrees not to tell him at this time. During his morning care, he tells you that he thinks he is not being told everything. a) What do you say to him, and why b) Do you believe he has the right to know c) Do you believe his family is making decisions for him in his best interests d) Ask a staff nurse in your clinical setting how she or he would handle a situation like this. ANSWER: First of all I will ask the patient what makes him think that he is not being told everything. I will try to make the patient comfortable by reinstalling the faith in him that the health care team is doing their best to help him recover fast and can be only possible if he has a 100 per cent faith. This faith is of utmost importance for any treatment to be successful. I would appreciate the patient because he/she found me to be a confidential person to share their sincere feeling. I will further encourage them to share their feelings to whom-so-ever they feel comfortable with and if they have any doubt about the treatment or the illness to enquire with the authorities such as the doctor. This kind of attitude helps in bringing out any kind of

Technology Evaluation and Recommendation Research Paper - 1

Technology Evaluation and Recommendation - Research Paper Example At the same time as dealing with these challenges, business organizations always struggle with how to defend their intellectual property by minimizing the costs and harm to brand that can result from unintended exposure of employee and customer data (Penton Media, Inc., 2012). Additionally, data and information security has come on top on the list of the main issues that are being faced by information systems executives nowadays. In this scenario, there are numerous aspects and factors that cause serious issues to data and information security. Some of the important aspects that can create serious security issues can include illegal access to a computer or network, or storage room, destruction due to fire, flood, earthquake and hurricane. At the present, a large number of researches are being carried out to determine the ways and suggest solutions to make organizational data information more secure. In fact, it is essential to deal with these issues as they can cause customersâ€℠¢ dissatisfaction or even whole business failure (Loch & Carr, 1992; Penton Media, Inc., 2012; Shulman, 2006). This report presents an analysis of the potential threats to the data and also suggests solutions for them. One of the major security issues that can cause a serious challenge for data security is excessive privilege abuse. When database or application users are provided access to databases with privileges that go beyond the needs of their working job purpose, in this scenario, these privileges can be used for carrying out illegal tasks. In addition, a given data user ends up with extreme privileges for the simple cause that database administrators do not have the time to describe as well as update rough access privilege control method for every user (Shulman, 2006). This problem can be resolved by using various techniques. One of the basic techniques is a username and password based access. Though, it is easy to use but in many cases users forget their passwords and these passwords are accessed by illegal users. Another solution to deal with this problem is the implementation of effective security measures against the excessive privileges that is established through the query-level access control. In this scenario, the query-level access control mechanism will limit database rights to minimum necessary SQL processes (UPDATE, SELECT, etc.) and data. In addition, the granularity of database access control has to expand beyond the table to specific rows of columns in a table (Shulman, 2006). Another major threat is backup data exposure. This is another most important data security problem that is based on the backup database storage media that is completely unprotected from attack. As an effect, a number of high profile and data related security breaches can happen and any person can illegally access the database backup tapes and hard disks (Ponemon, 2007). Though, username and passwords based technique can be used to deal with this issue but it is not as much effective (as discussed above). In order to deal with this issue all data backups have to be encrypted. At the present, there are numerous encryption techniques available. Some of the well-known techniques that can be used for this purpose include public key cryptography and hashing. These techniques are very effective in protecting the data (Ponemon, 2007). T

Security Essentials 1.5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security Essentials 1.5 - Essay Example Contemporary society confronts security experts with distinct and frequently unprecedented security-associated concerns. The security sector was known as a growth sector even before 9/11 (Clifford, 2003). Affairs between civic law implementation agencies and private security experts in more recent years have been limited, even though it is purportedly transforming. History is full of cases where security purposes have been accomplished through the application of innovative minds, resourceful plans, and easily accessible solutions. Sectors evolve to meet these new social demands as society itself evolves. Exploration of artifacts offers evidence that shows attempts by the earliest communities to secure themselves from internal and external dangers. Particular communities discovered methods that were more dignified in an effort to assure security protection by building tools, starting agriculture, and settling in the long-term. These communities resided in regions with certain climates that presented particular security dangers as well as defenses (Clifford). Kangaroo justice was still a preferred option even after the establishment of formalized legislation in educated nations such as the United States. Historians commonly agree that tribal leaders or household members who represented the rest of the family determined security aims during eras that preceded recorded history and areas where legislations could not be implemented freely like the American Frontier. Archeological proof imply that civilizations dating as far back as five millennia BC designed and implemented laws to identify proper behavior. Ancient recorded attempts to build a series of criteria has been credited to the Sumerians as far back as five millennia BC. The Code of Hammurabi, 1750 BCE, is the later legal cannon that adopted Sumerian cannons, set up by King Hammurabi, and discovered in 1901. Draco’s Law applied to Athens in 621 BC and included punishments for numerous crimes that

Education System in the Philiphines Essay -- Education

The Philippines has a recent overflowing issue on its education system, which is the implementation of K+12 education system as the basic education curriculum (BEC). This issue is one of the most controversial things that Aquino Administration proposes. First of all, K+12 is an education system that includes Kindergarten with twelve years of elementary and secondary education (Department of Education, 2010). The Kindergarten is basically started at the age of 5 and the elementary education (primary education) holds for 6 or 7 years of education while secondary education, which holds for 5 or 6 years of education, is defined as high school (Department of Education, 2010). In comparison to the current 10-year education system, the K+12 system adds two extra years of education. According to the Department of Education of the Philippines (DepEd), their main purpose is not just adding two extra years of education rather to enhance the BEC in the Philippines (Department of Education, 2010). Discussions over the K+12 program have already been on since the Commonwealth era. The Americans has suggested this system to be implemented but President Manuel L. Quezon has set aside the issue to deal with more important problems in the country at that time (Vargas, 2012). Throughout the years after the Commonwealth era, suggestions have been made by foreign organizations (Department of Education, 2010). Then, a survey made by Presidential Commission to Survey Philippine Education in 1970 has recommended the government to give a high importance in implementing the 11-year program with 6 years of elementary education and 5 years of secondary education; but it never pushes through (Department of Education, 2010). The current 10-year program has n... ...s literacy rate and its quality of education system but also it would lessen the number of unemployment and underemployment in the country. Works Cited Cruz, I. R. (2012, January 19). Preparing, Developing and Equipping K to 12 School Leaders. Makati, NCR, Philippines. Department of Education. (2010, October 5). Discussion Paper on the Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program. Manila, NCR, Philippines. Dizon, D. (2011). PH Education System Not Ready for K+12. Retrieved February 27, 2012, from ABS-CBN News: abs-cbnnews.com Manila Bulletin. (2010, October 6). Senators Divided on DepEd's 'K+12' Years Education System. Retrieved February 27, 2012, from Manila Bulletin News: mb.com.ph Valenzuela, E. (2012). K to 12 Trends in Southeast Asia. Manila, NCR, Philippines. Vargas, Y. (2012, February 11). K+12 as Basic Education Curriculum. (I. Stamboel, Interviewer)

Career Transition

Career Transition In this paper, I will research career transition and how it has impacted the workforce and management. I will present from three research articles that I feel are important in understanding how career transition affects adults who are transitioning from one career to another. As an HRM, one of the biggest parts of our job will be to recruit new talent. Traditional careers are falling to the wayside and emerging is a type of employee who has been around the block once or twice. I am going to focus on first the way careers are changing, then I am going to look at the military and how they prepare their retirees, many of whom are still in their 30’s, for retirement, and finally, I will look at career transition and what role HR plays. Gone are the days of staying with one company until you are eligible for the pension and a gold watch. The average person born in the later years of the baby boom held 10. 8 jobs from age 18 to age 42, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor (Number of Jobs Held, Labor Market Activity, and Earnings Growth Among the Youngest Baby Boomers: Results From a Longitudinal Survey Summary , 2008). Career transition is no longer looked at as something to avoid putting on your resume. It seems like everyone it doing. So how can a person make the transition smooth and successful? Career transition often requires employing new tools, skills and/or a switch in perception. In her article, Beyond the Career Mystique: â€Å"Time in,† â€Å"Time out,† and â€Å"Second Acts†, Phyllis Moen. states that Americans confront a major mismatch between outdated career and retirement regimes and the exigencies of (1) family responsibilities, and (2) the risks and uncertainties associated with a competitive, global, and information-based economy. Unlike privileged workers in the 1950s, members of America's 21st-century workforce find it increasingly rare to have either a full-time homemaker or a secure, â€Å"lifetime† job. This mismatch challenges both scholars and policy makers to revisit, research, and rewrite the disparate scripts constituting the rules of the career game. The mid-20th-century bargain of trading a lifetime of paid work for a lifetime of income security-never a reality except for a group of middle-class office workers and unionized production workers in the post war economic boom of the 1950s-is probably gone forever. (Moen) Her points regarding the changing career climate are spot on. Many of he lifetime jobs are ones that have no real advancement potential. A GS (Government Service) job will allow for increases in pay due to step promotion and COLA increases, but in order to advance into a higher GS position a person would have to make significant gains in their education and/or work experience. Both of these might require leaving the current job for a time period. In some cases, the GS jobs have no advancement potential even with additional education, a person would have to quit t heir current job and reapply for a new position. Even more evidence that points to employers changing the career game is an article published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics that states that employ ¬ers are replacing defined-benefit retirement plans with defined-contribution retirement plans, allowing employers to shift more responsibility for retire ¬ment income to the employee. (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010) So what are the consequences of this alteration of the career landscape? The median age of workers are increasing. The prime age group, composed of 25- to 54-year-olds, is projected to increase by 1. million and make up 63. 5 percent of the total labor force in the target year. The youth labor force, composed of 16- to 24-year-olds, is expected to decline from the 2008 level, but will remain over 21 million in 2018. The military is one area that has a great deal of experience with career change. Not only do the military members change jobs frequently, most retire after only 20 years of service. This puts someo ne who may only be 38 in the position finding new employment at a relatively young age. A study examined the concerns of retiring Marine Corps noncommissioned officers (NCOs) as they experience the adult career transition of retirement from military service and transition to the civilian workplace. Analysis of focus group transcripts reveal a range of concerns related to the transition factors cited in Schlossberg’s Transition Theory as the 4 S’s: situation, self, support, strategy. The study provided insight on the issues and challenges Marine Corps noncommissioned officers (NCOs), and all Military Personnel face upon retirement based on the following articulated themes: cultural, community, social and psychological concerns. The paper suggested that programming be offered to facilitate transition and should also address psychological and social concerns which may improve the quality and outcomes of transition to a new role in civilian life. (Johnston, Fletcher, Ginn, & Stein) Many of these jobs are in the skilled labor fields which are light on EAP's to assist once the transition has occurred. Next to the military, education is another area that see its fair share of transition. A quick Google search on career transition will bring up a plethora of sites offering advice on starting a second career in teaching. The main areas that see an influx are secondary high school education teachers and entry-level college instructors. Why are these areas so appealing? One paper seeks to reviews the current theory in areas relevant to industry-to-academia career transitions, and to outline a theory that targets this category of employee directly. They sought to outline the first step toward a limited theory explaining the special needs and motivations of industry-to-academia career transitions. Throughout this paper, the hybrid academic institution, consisting of a traditional core and a nontraditional periphery, received special emphasis. While the research did not conclusively define the reasons behind the transition, consider the following concepts: (1) proteanism, or the protean approach to career transitions; (2) transition types; and (3) human values. (Bandow, Minsky, & Steven) All of which are indicative not only in instances of industry-to-academia career transitions, but in most all other areas as well. Even for the most experienced and well-educated person, transition does require some finesse. Here are a few tips that can help make the change less traumatic. It is important to take a serious look at the many possibilities and outcomes before you jump into a new career or field. Consider these 10 tips as you make a transition from your present career to your next: 1. Have a clear plan. The smartest move that you can make is to carefully map out an effective career-change strategy. This should include a detailed action plan that takes into consideration finances, research, education, and training. Keep in mind that a successful career change can take several months or longer to accomplish, so patience is key. . Wait for the right time. The best time to consider a new career is when you are safely ensconced in your existing position. It is understood that a steady paycheck can relieve a lot of pressure. There are many ways to take steps toward your new career path; you can volunteer or offer yourself as a freelancer or consultant. This can help you to â€Å"test the waters† in your desired new field. 3. Be sure of your reasons. Just because you’re unhappy in your current job isn’t a strong enough reason to make a total career break. Carefully analyze whether it is your actual career you dislike or whether your employer, supervisor, or office situation is the problem. 4. Do your research. Be sure to examine all possibilities before attempting a career jump. Talk to people in your network; read career and job profiles; meet with a career management professional. The more information with which you arm yourself beforehand, the more successful you will be. 5. Decide what is important. This is the best time for thoughtful self-reflection. Ask yourself what it is you really want to do with the rest of your life. Take an honest inventory of your likes and dislikes, and evaluate your skills, values, and personal interests. Many people who are looking to change careers do so to find a balance between their personal and professional lives, to accomplish the right mix of meaning and money. You may want to consider consulting a career coach and/or taking a career assessment test. 6. Examine your qualifications. Do you have the necessary experience and education to be considered a qualified candidate in your desired career field? If not, you need to find a way to bridge the credentials gap. This might mean making your goal more long-term while you go back to school or receive additional training. 7. Learn about the industry. Get a feel for the field that interests you. Read industry journals, attend conferences, and talk to people in the profession about what they do. Learn whether your target industry has growth potential. Trade magazines, organizations, and entrepreneurs have created a slew of Web sites that offer searchable databases where job openings in many specific industries are listed. Start looking at these sites on a regular basis. 8. Develop your network. Begin nurturing professional friendships early and tend them regularly. Professional organizations and job industry trade associations are a good place to start. Many of them hold networking events and job fairs. 9. Update your job search skills. It is especially important to polish up your job-hunting skills and techniques before you get out there and start networking. Make sure you are using your time and resources as effectively as possible. 10. Pay your dues. Do not expect to begin at the same level of seniority in your new career that you held in your old one. It will take time to move up the ranks, but if you find a new career that you absolutely love, it will be worth it. (Ten Tips on Making a Successful Career Change) In conclusion, with the continued changing landscape of today's business world, career change is here to stay. People are having to work further into what used to be the retirement years and some are deciding to live to work instead of work to live. Whatever the reason the challenges of a career transition can be frustrating and rewarding at the same time. The most important thing is to be true to you and to not be afraid of new horizons. Works Cited Bandow, D. , Minsky, B. D. , & Steven, R. (n. d. ). Reinventing The Future: Investigating Career Transitions From Industry To Academia. Cote, M. B. (2004). Service quality and attrition: an examination of a pediatric obesity program. International Journal for Quality in Health Care , 16 (2), 165-173. Johnston, S. , Fletcher, E. , Ginn, G. , & Stein, D. (n. d. ). Adult Career T ransition: Exploring the Concerns of Military Retirees. Moen, P. (n. d. ). Beyond the Career Mystique: â€Å"Time in,† â€Å"Time out,† and â€Å"Second Acts†. Number of Jobs Held, Labor Market Activity, and Earnings Growth Among the Youngest Baby Boomers: Results From a Longitudinal Survey Summary . (2008, June ). Retrieved 07 2010, from U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics : http://www. bls. gov/news. release/nlsoy. nr0. htm Ten Tips on Making a Successful Career Change. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 2010, from All Business: http://www. allbusiness. com/human-resources/careers-changing-jobs/1618-1. html U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010, March). Record unemployment among older workers. Issues In Labor Statistics , pp. 1-3.

Essay about functions assignment

Functions Assignment Question 1. A function assigns a unique output value to every input value. This definition implies that a vertical line cannot intersect a function in more than one place (Stewart). The set of input values is known as the domain of a function. The set of output values is known as the range of a function. An example of a linear function is, f left (x right ) = 4x+3 where 4 and 3 are the slope and vertical intercept of the straight line f(x). The domain of this linear function is all values x can take on, namely, all real numbers. The range is also all real numbers. A parabola is a good example of a quadratic function, f left (x right ) = {x} ^ {2} The vertex of the parabola coincides with the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system. The domain of this function is all real numbers and its range is all positive real numbers, f(x)≠¥0. An example of a third degree polynomial is, f left (x right ) = {x} ^ {3} +3 {x} ^ {2} +2x+1 The domain and range of this polynomial are all positive real numbers. The exponential function is defined as, f left (x right ) = {e} ^ {x} The domain of the exponential function is all real numbers and its range corresponds to all positive real numbers. The natural logarithm is a good example of a logarithmic function and is defined as, f left (x right ) = ln {x} The domain of the natural logarithm is all positive real numbers, x0. The range is all real numbers. The trigonometric functions are good examples of periodic functions. For instance, the sine function, f left (x right ) = sin {x} It repeats every 2Ï€ radians. The domain of the sine function is all real numbers. The range is -1 ≠¤ f(x) ≠¤ 1. Question 2. The electrical activity of the human heart can be monitored by means of an Electrocardiogram (ECG). An example of ECG signal is shown in Figure 1. The signal was retrieved from National Instruments website (â€Å"National Instruments: Test, Measurement, and Embedded Systems†). The electrical heartbeats are represented by the voltage amplitude (dependent variable) over time (independent variable). The figure shows that heartbeats exhibit nearly periodic behavior. Strong beats repeat approximately every 1.6 seconds. Figure 1. Example of hearts electrical activity. Question 3. The displacement of a piston in an internal combustion engine is represented by a periodic function, f left (t right ) = A sin {ωt} where ω is referred to as the angular frequency and has units of radians per second (rad/s). The independent variable is time t (s). A stands for the amplitude and describes the magnitude of the maximum displacement of the piston. The amplitude is a constant value. One cycle takes place when the crack (a linkage connecting the engine shaft and piston) turns through 2Ï€ radians. In other words, the sine function repeats itself when ωT=2Ï€, where T is the period, so this time is defined as, T= {2Ï€} over {ω} The frequency is the inverse of the period and it is measured in s-1 or hertz (hz) f= {1} over {T} For example, a period of 10s means a frequency of 1 every 10 seconds. The average value of function f(x) over an interval [a,b,] is defined as, F = {1} over {b-a} int from {a} to {b} {f(x)dx} The above expression can be used to calculate the average displacement over one cycle of the piston [0,T], F = {1} over {T} int from {0} to {T} {A sin {{2Ï€t} over {T}} dt=} {1} over {T} {left [- {T} over {2Ï€} cos {{2Ï€t} over {T}} right ]} rsub {0} rsup {T} =- {1} over {2Ï€} left [cos {2Ï€} cos {0} right ] =0 Question 4. The inverse of a function ( f -1) takes on a value from the range of f and assigns a single value from its domain. The inverse of a function exist only if a horizontal line does not intersect the function f in more than one place. This is not satisfied for the case of periodic functions like the sinusoidal displacement of a piston, y=f left (t right ) = A sin {ωt} The domain of sin ωt has to be restricted in order to define the inverse function. It can be worked out as follows, {sin} ^ {-1} {left ({y} over {A} right ) =ωt} {{f} ^ {-1} (y) = t = {1} over {ω} sin} ^ {-1} {left ({y} over {A} right )} The inverse function holds as long as, {Ï€} over {2} ≠¤ {y} over {A} ≠¤ {Ï€} over {2} In a given cycle of the piston, the inverse function provides the time for which the piston is displaced y length units. Question 5. Part 1. The Richter scale is a scientific tool to measure the intensity of an earthquake (â€Å"Khan Academy | Khan Academy†). The following facts summarize the main features of the Richter scale: The Richter scale measures the earthquake magnitude. The intensity or amplitude of the ground motion is collected at the measuring stations. The maximum ground motion detected at a measuring station can be plotted against the distance to the epicenter. The Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) was calibrated to the Richter scale. MMS is related to the energy released by earthquakes. Unfortunately, strong and weak earthquakes do not fit on the same plot if a linear scale is used. The Richter scale employs a logarithmic scale in order to present the data on the same chart. The Richter scale can be used to compare the magnitude of two earthquakes. For instance, the 5.8 earthquake that took place on the east coast of US in 2011and the 9.0 earthquake off the coast of Japan in the same year. Both magnitudes are reported on a logarithmic scale so the difference between these two earthquakes is not 3.2 but 103.2 (3.2 powers of 10). It means the earthquake in Japan was about 1600 times stronger than the east coast earthquake. Part 2. Table 1 summarizes the facts about the earthquakes chosen to draw a comparison. Date Location of epicenter Richter magnitude scale (M) 25 September 2013 Southwestern Pakistan 7.7 27 February 2010 Central Chile (near city of Concepcià ³n) 8.8 Table 1. Earthquake information. Part 3. Quantitative comparison of the two earthquakes. The equation for Richter magnitude can be written as, M = {log} rsub {10} {A} where A is the amplitude in millimeters directly measured from a seismograph. The equation may also include a distance correction factor originally used by Richter. It is omitted for the sake of clarity. The Richter magnitude of Pakistans 2013 earthquake can be related to its amplitude by, 7.7 = {log} rsub {10} {{A} rsub {Pakistan}} The equation above can be written as an exponential equation, that is, the amplitude read in the seismograph, {A} rsub {Pakista n} = {10} ^ {7.7} Similarly, the magnitude of Chiles 2010 earthquake can be mathematically written as, 8.8 = {log} rsub {10} {{A} rsub {Chile}} It can also be recast as an exponential equation, {A} rsub {Chile} = {10} ^ {8.8} The ratio of exponential expressions can be used to compare the intensities of earthquakes, {{A} rsub {Chile}} over {{A} rsub {Pakistan}} = {{10} ^ {8.8}} over {{10} ^ {7.7}} =12.6 It can be concluded that Chiles earthquake was 12.6 times as intense as the recently ground motion in Pakistan. Task 1. The exponential function ex can be written as an infinite Taylor series about x=0. The Taylor series is, {e} ^ {x} =1+x+ {{x} ^ {2}} over {2!} + {{x} ^ {3}} over {3!} + {{x} ^ {4}} over {4!} +†¦ {{x} ^ {n}} over {n!} +†¦ It can be used to approximate the value of e1 up to n= 10. The results are shown in Table 2. The approximation value for e1 up to 10 decimal places is obtained when n = 15, e = 2.7182818285 n Approximation for e 1 1 2 2 3 2.5 4 2.666666667 5 2.708333333 6 2.7166666667 7 2.7180555556 8 2.7182539683 9 2.7182787698 10 2.7182815256 Table 2. Approximation value for e. Works Cited â€Å"Khan Academy | Khan Academy.† N. p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. â€Å"National Instruments: Test, Measurement, and Embedded Systems.† N. p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. Stewart, J. Calculus. Brooks/Cole, 2009.